Unit 1

Introducing Today's Technologies

Source: Chapter 1 slides

Objectives

Describe the purpose and uses of smartphones, digital cameras, portable and digital media players, e-book readers, wearable devices, and game devices.
Today you carry computers in your pocket and wear them on your wrist. A smartphone combines calls, messaging, a browser and apps; a digital camera captures photos; media players and e-book readers store music, video and books; wearable devices (such as fitness bands) track activity; game devices are built for play. After this unit you should be able to say what each device is for and who would choose it.
Differentiate among laptops, tablets, desktops, and servers.
Laptops and tablets are mobile; desktops, all-in-ones and servers usually stay in one place. Ask yourself: Is it portable? Does it have a physical keyboard? Does it serve other computers? A server, for example, provides services to other computers on a network, while a laptop serves one user.
Describe the relationship between data and information.
Data is raw (the items on a receipt before they are added up). Information is data that has been processed so it has meaning (the receipt with totals and change). Remember the cycle: input (data) goes in, processing happens, output (information) comes out, and results can be stored.
Differentiate the web from the Internet, and describe the relationship among the web, webpages, websites, and web servers; explain the purpose of a browser, a search engine, and an online social network.
The Internet is the huge network; the web is one service that runs on it. Webpages are documents; a website is a group of related webpages; a web server stores the site and sends pages to your browser. A browser opens webpages, a search engine finds them, and an online social network lets registered users share content.
Briefly explain various input options.
Input options are ways to give a computer data: keyboard, pointing device, touch, voice, video and scanner. Output options include printer, display and speakers. Be ready to give one example of an input device and one output device.
Briefly describe digital security risks associated with viruses and other malware, privacy, your health, and the environment.
Technology brings risks: viruses and malware can damage devices, privacy can be lost, long hours can affect your health, and discarded electronics affect the environment. Green computing (recycling, energy saving) is one response. You should be able to name one risk in each of the four areas.
Differentiate between an operating system and applications.
The operating system (such as Windows, macOS, iOS or Android) runs the device and lets you and other software communicate with the hardware. Applications are the programs you use for tasks, such as a browser or word processor. You need an operating system before any application can run.
Differentiate between wired and wireless technologies, and identify reasons individuals and businesses use networks.
Wired connections use cables; wireless connections use radio waves (for example Bluetooth and cellular). Networks let people share a connection, files and devices, and let businesses share hardware, data and software.
Discuss how society uses technology in education, government, finance, retail, entertainment, health care, science, travel, publishing, and manufacturing.
Technology is used in many fields: education (online learning), health care (electronic records), finance (online banking), retail (online shopping), and more. Think of one example from each area you have personally used.
Identify categories of users: home, small/home office, mobile, power, and enterprise users.
Home users use technology at home; small/home office users work in companies with under 50 employees or work for themselves; mobile users work away from a main office; power users need very powerful computers (engineers, designers); enterprise users work in large organizations. Decide which type you are right now.

Key points

Digital literacy is current knowledge and understanding of computers, mobile devices, the web and related technologies.
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory. It accepts data (input), processes it, and produces information (output), and can store results.
Types: laptop (notebook), tablet (touch screen; slate has no physical keyboard), desktop and all-in-one (display and processor share one case), server. Organizations also use mainframes (thousands of users), minicomputers/midrange (hundreds of users) and supercomputers (trillions of operations per second).
Data is a collection of unprocessed items (text, numbers, images, audio, video). Information conveys meaning. Cash-register example: items and amount received are data; the printed receipt is information.
Input devices: keyboard, pointing device, voice and video input, scanner. Output devices: printer (including 3-D printers), display, speakers, headphones and earbuds. Storage: hard disk, SSD, USB flash drive, memory card, optical disc, cloud storage.
The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks; the web is one service on it (others: email, messaging, VoIP, FTP). A browser displays webpages; a search engine finds information; an online social network lets registered users share content.
Software: system software (operating system, tools) and applications. Application forms: desktop app, web app (on a web server, used through a browser) and mobile app (from an app store).
Digital safety topics: viruses and other malware, privacy, health, and environmental concerns (green computing). Networks can be wired or wireless (Bluetooth, cellular radio).
User categories: home user, small/home office user, mobile user, power user, enterprise user.

Slide text

Today's Technology

Because technology changes, you must keep up with the changes to remain digitally literate
Digital literacy involves having a current knowledge and understanding of computers, mobile devices, the web, and related technologies

Digital or Computer Literacy

Technology can enable us to more effectively and efficiently:
Access and search information
Share personal ideas, photos, video
Communicate with others
Manage finances
Shop for goods and services
Play games and enjoy entertainment
Conduct business activities
Keep your life and activities organized
Tech or computer savvy

Computers

A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory
A computer accepts data (input), processes it, and produces information (output)

Computers

Laptop
Tablet
Desktop and All-in-One
Server

Laptops

A laptop, also called a notebook computer, is a thin, lightweight mobile computer with a screen in its lid and a keyboard in its base
Designed to fit on your lap and for easy transport, most laptops weigh up to 7 pounds
A laptop less than one inch thick and about three pounds or less sometimes is called an ultrathin laptop
Most laptops can operate on batteries or a power supply or both

Tablets

Usually smaller than a laptop but larger than a phone, a tablet is a thin, lighter-weight mobile computer that has a touch screen
A popular style of tablet is the slate, which does not contain a physical keyboard
Like laptops, tablets run on batteries or a power supply or both; however, batteries in a tablet typically last longer than those in laptops

Touch Screen Gestures

Tap: quickly touch and release one finger one time (activate a link, press a button, run a program or app)
Double-tap: quickly touch and release one finger two times (run a program or app; zoom in)
Press and hold: display a shortcut menu, or activate a mode to move an item
Drag, or slide: move an item around the screen
Swipe: scroll, or display a bar of commands on an edge of the screen
Stretch: move two fingers apart to zoom in
Pinch: move two fingers together to zoom out

Consider This

If a slate tablet has no keyboard, how do you type on it? You can press keys on an on-screen keyboard, purchase a separate physical keyboard that attaches or communicates wirelessly, or speak into the tablet so your words translate to typed text.

Desktops and All-in-Ones

A desktop, or desktop computer, is a personal computer designed to be in a stationary location, where all components fit on or under a desk or table
On many desktops, the screen is in a display device separate from a tower, which is a case that contains the processing circuitry
An all-in-one does not contain a tower and uses the same case to house the display and the processing circuitry
Some desktops and all-in-ones have displays that support touch

Consider This

Which type of computer (laptop, tablet, or desktop) is best? It depends on your needs. Laptops can be as powerful as the average desktop and are portable. Tablets are ideal for searching for information, communicating, and taking notes where a laptop is not practical. Desktops and all-in-ones often have larger displays, which suits developing software, editing large documents, or creating images and videos.

Computers for Organizations: Servers

A network server is a centralized computer that provides access to network resources; all other computers connect to it
Multiple servers are called server farms
A server is often simply a powerful desktop

Computers for Organizations: Mainframes

Used in large organizations
Handle thousands of users
Users access through a terminal

Computers for Organizations: Minicomputers

Called midrange computers
Power between mainframe and desktop
Handle hundreds of users
Used in smaller organizations
Users access through a terminal

Computers for Organizations: Supercomputers

The most powerful computers made
Handle large and complex calculations
Process trillions of operations per second
Found in research organizations

Data and Information

Computers process data (input) into information (output) and often store the data and resulting information for future use
Data is a collection of unprocessed items, which can include text, numbers, images, audio, and video
Information conveys meaning to users
An input device is any hardware component that allows you to enter data and instructions into a computer or mobile device

Data and Information: Cash Register Example

Step 1: The cashier scans or enters items purchased and the amount received from the customer. These items are entered into the computer as data.
Step 2: The computer receives the entered data, stores it, and processes the data into information (the receipt). It computes each item's total price, sums all item prices for the order total, and calculates change due (20.00 - 13.12 = 6.88).
Step 3: The resulting information (the cash register receipt) is printed for the customer.

Data and Information: Input

A keyboard contains keys you press to enter data and instructions into a computer or mobile device
Types include desktop keyboard, on-screen keyboard, mini keyboard, and virtual keyboard

Data and Information: Input

A pointing device is an input device that allows a user to control a small symbol on the screen called the pointer
Some mobile devices and computers enable you to speak data and instructions using voice input and to capture live full-motion images using video input

Data and Information: Input

A scanner is a light-sensing input device that converts printed text and images into a form the computer can process

Data and Information: Output

An output device is any hardware component that conveys information from a computer or mobile device to one or more people
A printer is an output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium, such as paper or other material
A 3-D printer can print solid objects, such as clothing, prosthetics, eyewear, implants, toys, parts, prototypes, and more

Data and Information: Output

A display is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information
Examples: digital camera display, tablet display, monitor display

Data and Information: Output

Speakers allow you to hear audio such as music, voice, and other sounds
Earbuds
Headphones

Data and Information: Memory and Storage

Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed and the data needed by those instructions
A computer keeps data, instructions, and information on storage media; a storage device records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage media
Examples: hard disk drive, solid-state drive, USB flash drive, memory card, optical disc, cloud storage

The Web

The Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks that connects millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals
The web (World Wide Web) is a collection of webpages; a website is a collection of related webpages; a web server delivers webpages to your device

Consider This

Are the web and Internet the same? No. The Internet provides more than three billion home and business users around the world access to a variety of services. The World Wide Web is one of the widely used services of the Internet. Other popular services include email, instant messaging, VoIP, and FTP.

The Web: Browsers

A browser is software that enables users with an Internet connection to access and view webpages on a computer or mobile device

The Web: Search Engines

A search engine is software that finds websites, webpages, images, videos, news, maps, and other information related to a specific topic
You type search text in the Search box and the search engine displays results, with links to associated webpages

The Web: Online Social Networks

An online social network encourages members to share their interests, ideas, stories, photos, music, and videos with other registered users

Internet Communications

Email allows you to send messages to and receive messages and files from other users via a computer network
With messaging services, you can have a real-time typed conversation with another connected user (real-time means that both of you are online at the same time)
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) enables users to speak to other users over the Internet
With FTP (File Transfer Protocol), users can transfer items to and from other computers on the Internet

Digital Safety and Security

It is important that users protect their computers and mobile devices
Concerns: viruses and other malware, privacy, health, and environmental issues

Digital Safety and Security: Green Computing

Green computing involves reducing the electricity consumed and environmental waste generated when using a computer
Strategies include:
Recycling
Using energy efficient hardware and energy saving features
Regulating manufacturing processes
Extending the life of computers
Immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers

Programs and Apps

Software, also called a program, tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them
System software includes the operating system and tools
Applications are programs designed to make users more productive or assist with personal tasks

Operating Systems and Applications

An operating system is a set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer or mobile device hardware. It provides a means for users to communicate with the computer or mobile device and other software.
Many of today's computers and mobile devices use a version of Microsoft's Windows, Apple's Mac OS, Apple's iOS, or Google's Android
To use an application, your computer or mobile device must be running an operating system
An application (or app for short) consists of programs designed to make users more productive and/or assist them with personal tasks. Browsers are an example.

Table 1-2: Categories of Applications

Productivity: word processing, presentation, schedule and contact management, personal finance
Graphics and Media: photo editing, video and audio editing, media player, travel/mapping/navigation, reference, educational, entertainment
Communications: browser, email, VoIP, FTP
Security: antivirus, personal firewall, spyware/adware/malware removers
File, System, and Disk Management: file manager, search, image viewer, screen saver

Forms of Applications

A desktop app is an application stored on a computer
A web app is an application stored on a web server that you access through a browser
A mobile app is an application you download from a mobile device's app store or other location on the Internet to a smartphone or other mobile device
Some applications are available as both a web app and a mobile app; you typically can sync (match) the data and activity between them

Installing and Running Programs

Installing a program is the process of setting up the program to work with the computer, mobile device, printer, and/or other hardware
Once installed, you can run a program so that you can interact with it
You interact with a program through its user interface

Software Developers

A software developer, sometimes called a developer or programmer, is someone who develops programs and apps or writes the instructions that direct the computer or mobile device to process data into information

Communications Technologies

In the course of a day, it is likely you use, or use information generated by, one or more communications technologies such as instant messaging, wireless Internet access points, and wireless messaging services
Table 1-3 lists uses: chat rooms, email, fax, FTP, GPS, instant messaging, Internet, newsgroups, RSS, videoconference, voice mail, VoIP, wireless Internet access points, wireless messaging services

Communications and Networks

A communications device is hardware capable of transferring items from computers and devices to transmission media and vice versa
Examples of wireless communications technologies include Bluetooth and cellular radio
A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together, often wirelessly, via communications devices and transmission media

Home and Business Networks

Home networks: connect to the Internet, share a single high-speed Internet connection, access photos, music, videos, and other content, share devices, play multiplayer games, connect game consoles to the Internet, subscribe to and use VoIP, interact with other devices in a smart home
Business networks: facilitate communications, share hardware, share data, information, and software

Technology Uses

Society uses technology in education, government, finance, retail, entertainment, health care, science, travel, publishing, and manufacturing

Technology Users

A home user is any person who spends time using technology at home
A small/home office user includes employees of companies with fewer than 50 employees, as well as the self-employed who work from home
A mobile user includes any person who works with computers or mobile devices while away from a main office, home, or school
A power user is a user who requires the capabilities of a powerful computer, such as engineers, scientists, architects, desktop publishers, and graphic artists
An enterprise has hundreds or thousands of employees or customers; each employee or customer who uses technology in the enterprise is an enterprise user

Review questions

Define digital literacy.
A computer accepts ______, processes it, and produces ______.
What is the difference between a laptop and a slate tablet?
How does an all-in-one differ from a desktop with a tower?
Which type of computer handles thousands of users through terminals?
In the cash-register example, what is the data and what is the information?
Are the Internet and the web the same thing? Explain.
What is the purpose of a search engine?
Name the three forms in which an application can be delivered.
Match the user type: an engineer or graphic artist who needs a very powerful computer.

Unit 2

The Internet

Source: Chapter 2 slides

Objectives

Discuss the evolution of the Internet and describe broadband connection types.
The Internet began as ARPANET in 1969 so scientists could share information and so the network could keep working if part of it was destroyed. It has since grown to millions of connected hosts. Broadband connections can be wired (cable, DSL, fiber) or wireless (Wi-Fi, mobile broadband, satellite).
Explain an IP address and its relationship to a domain name.
Every device online has an IP address (numbers). People find it hard to remember numbers, so websites also have a domain name (text). A DNS server translates the domain name you type into the IP address the network needs.
Describe browser features, web address components and effective search techniques.
A browser displays webpages and supports features such as tabs and a home page. A web address (URL) identifies a page. To search effectively, use specific keywords and search operators (for example quotation marks around a phrase).
Identify the types of websites and how the web uses multimedia.
Websites come in many types: informational, news, social networks, media sharing, educational, business, government, blogs, wikis, health, entertainment, financial, travel, shopping and portals. Web publishing is a process: plan, design, create, host, maintain. Pages use graphics, animation, audio, video and virtual reality.
Explain email, IM, chat, forums, VoIP and FTP, and follow netiquette.
Email sends messages and files; instant messaging and chat rooms allow real-time conversation; discussion forums host written discussions; VoIP carries voice calls; FTP uploads and downloads files. Netiquette is the code of acceptable behavior online: be polite, think before you post, and avoid ALL CAPS.

Key points

The Internet began as ARPANET in September 1969, with two goals: let scientists at different locations share information, and keep working even if part of the network were destroyed.
Wired connections: cable, DSL, fiber to the premises (FTTP). Wireless: Wi-Fi, mobile broadband, fixed wireless, satellite. A hot spot is a wireless network offering Internet access; a cybercafe offers computers with access, usually for a fee.
An ISP provides Internet access. Bandwidth is the amount of data that travels over a network (measured in MB, GB).
An IP address uniquely identifies each device on the Internet. A domain name is its text-based equivalent; a DNS server translates domain names into IP addresses.
The web is a collection of webpages; a website is a collection of related webpages; a web server delivers pages. Web 2.0 sites let users share, modify content and use apps through a browser.
Browser terms: home page, tabbed browsing, URL (web address). Web apps store user data on servers (cloud storage).
Search engines vs. subject directories; search operators refine results.
Thirteen website types appear in the slides, for example informational, news, social network, media sharing, educational, blogs, wikis, health and science, entertainment, financial, travel and mapping, shopping/auctions, careers, portals.
Web publishing steps: plan, design, create, host, maintain. Multimedia: graphics (BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, TIFF), animation, audio, video, virtual reality; plug-ins extend browsers.
Other services: email, email lists, instant messaging, chat rooms, discussion forums, VoIP and FTP. Netiquette is the code of acceptable Internet behavior.

Slide text

The Internet

The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals

Evolution of the Internet

The Internet originated as ARPANET in September 1969 and had two main goals: Allow scientists at different physical locations to share information and work together Function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed by a disaster

Evolution of the Internet

1969 ARPANET becomes functional 1984 ARPANET has more than 1,000 individual computers linked as hosts Today Millions of hosts connect to the Internet

Connecting to the Internet

With wired connections, a computer or device physically attaches via a cable or wire to a communications device
Computers without a communications device can use a wireless modem

Connecting to the Internet

Wired

Cable Internet service
DSL (digital subscriber line)
Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) Wireless
Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)
Mobile broadband
Fixed wireless
Satellite Internet Service

Connecting to the Internet

A cybercafé is a location that provides computers with Internet access, usually for a fee
A hot spot is a wireless network that provides Internet connections to mobile computers and devices

Connecting to the Internet

An Internet service provider (ISP) is a business that provides individuals and organizations access to the Internet free or for a fee
Bandwidth represents the amount of data that travels over a network
Megabyte (MB)
Gigabyte (GB)

Connecting to the Internet

An IP address is a sequence of numbers that uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to the Internet
A domain name is a text-based name that corresponds to the IP address
A DNS server translates the domain name into its associated IP address

The World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (WWW), or web, consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents (webpages)
A website is a collection of related webpages and associated items
A web server is a computer that delivers requested webpages to your computer
Web 2.0 refers to websites that provide a means for users to share personal information, allow users to modify website content, and provide applications through a browser

The World Wide Web

A browser is an application that enables users with an Internet connection to access and view webpages on a computer or mobile device
A home page is the first page that a website displays
Desktop browsers typically support tabbed browsing

The World Wide Web

A webpage has a unique address called a web address or URL

The World Wide Web

A web app is an application stored on a web server that you access through a browser
Web app hosts usually provide storage for users’ data and information on their servers, known as cloud storage

Types of Websites

A search engine is software that finds websites, webpages, images, videos, news, maps, and other information related to a specific topic
A subject directory classifies webpages in an organized set of categories, such as sports or shopping, and related subcategories

Types of Websites

Search operators can help to refine your search

The World Wide Web

There are thirteen types of Web sites Online social network Informational Media sharing and bookmarking sites News, weather, sports, and other mass media Educational Business, Governmental, and Organizational

The World Wide Web

Blogs Wikis Health and Science Entertainment Financial Travel and Mapping

The World Wide Web

Shopping and Auctions Careers and Employment E-Commerce Portals

The World Wide Web

Web publishing is the development and maintenance of websites Maintain the website Host the website Create the website Design the website Plan the website

Media on the Web

Multimedia refers to any application that combines text with:

Media on the Web

A graphic is a digital representation of nontext information
Graphic formats include BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, and TIFF

Media on the Web

An infographic is a visual representation of data and information, designed to communicate quickly, simplify complex concepts, or present patterns or trends

Media on the Web

Animation is the appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still images in sequence

Media on the Web

Audio includes music, speech, or any other sound
Compressed to reduce file size
You listen to audio on your computer using a media player

Media on the Web

Video consists of images displayed in motion
Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computers to simulate a real or imagined environment that appears as a three- dimensional space

Media on the Web

A plug-in is a program that extends the capability of a Web browser

Other Internet Services

Email is the transmission of messages and files via a computer network
An email program allows you to create, send, receive, forward, store, print, and delete email messages

Other Internet Services

An email list is a group of email addresses used for mass distribution of a message

Other Internet Services

Instant messaging (IM) is a real-time Internet communications service

Other Internet Services

A chat is a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer or mobile device
A chat room is a website or application that permits users to chat with others who are online at the same time

Other Internet Services

A discussion forum is an online area in which users have written discussions about a particular subject

Other Internet Services

VoIP (Voice over IP) enables users to speak to other users over the Internet

Other Internet Services

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard that permits file uploading and downloading to and from other computers on the Internet
Many operating systems include FTP capabilities
An FTP server is a computer that allows users to upload and/or download files using FTP

Netiquette

Netiquette is the code of acceptable Internet behavior

Summary

Evolution of the Internet The Web Various types of websites Other services available on the Internet Netiquette

Review questions

In what year and under what name did the Internet originate?
State the two original goals of ARPANET.
List two wired and two wireless Internet connection types.
What is bandwidth?
What does a DNS server do?
What is the difference between a website and a web server?
What is Web 2.0?
How does a subject directory differ from a search engine?
Name the five steps of web publishing.
What is netiquette?

Unit 3

Computers and Mobile Devices

Source: Chapter 3 slides

Objectives

Describe desktops, laptops, tablets, handheld computers and servers.
A personal computer does all its own input, processing, output and storage for one user at a time. Desktops stay in one place; laptops and tablets are mobile; handheld computers fit in one hand. Choose by thinking about portability, power and screen size.
Describe smartphones, digital cameras, portable media players, e-book readers and game devices.
Smartphones, digital cameras, portable media players and e-book readers are mobile devices, each focused on a main job. Game devices include consoles and handheld devices, played with controllers such as gamepads and motion sensors.
Differentiate POS terminals, ATMs and self-service kiosks; describe cloud computing and embedded computers.
A POS terminal records sales in a store, an ATM is a self-service bank terminal, and a self-service kiosk is a touch-screen terminal. Servers provide services to a network; mainframes serve thousands of users; supercomputers do the most demanding calculations. Cloud computing delivers resources from servers over the Internet. Embedded computers are hidden inside cars, appliances and other products.
Differentiate a port from a connector, and Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and NFC.
A port is the socket on a device; a connector is the plug at the end of a cable that fits into it. USB is the most common port. Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and NFC connect devices without cables; NFC works only over a very short distance.
Identify hardware safeguards and ergonomic, health-related practices.
Protect equipment with cable locks, surge protectors (against power surges) and a UPS (battery backup). Prevent health problems such as RSI and computer vision syndrome by arranging your workspace ergonomically and taking breaks.

Key points

A personal computer (PC) performs all input, processing, output and storage by itself and is used by one person at a time. A mobile computer is portable.
Desktop (stationary), laptop/notebook (screen in lid, keyboard in base), tablet (touch screen), handheld computer (small enough for one hand).
A server provides services to other devices on a network: rack, blade and tower servers. A mainframe handles hundreds or thousands of users; a supercomputer is the fastest and most expensive computer.
Terminals: a terminal has limited processing power; a thin client looks like a desktop but is limited. POS terminals record purchases and update inventory; ATMs are self-service banking terminals; kiosks are freestanding touch-screen terminals.
Cloud computing is an environment of servers that house and provide access to resources over the Internet.
Mobile devices: smartphone, digital camera, portable media player, e-book reader. Game devices: game console, handheld game device, controllers (gamepads, joysticks, dance pads, motion-sensing).
An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer inside a larger product (cars, home automation, consumer electronics, office machines, robotics).
A port is where a peripheral attaches; a connector joins a cable to a port. A USB port can connect up to 127 devices. Wireless options: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC. Port replicators and docking stations add flexibility.
Protecting hardware: cable locks against theft; surge protectors guard against overvoltage; a UPS adds batteries for power loss. Undervoltage and overvoltage are common power problems.
Health: repetitive strain injury (RSI), computer vision syndrome (CVS), technology addiction; ergonomics designs comfort, efficiency and safety into the workplace.

Slide text

Computers and Mobile Devices

Types of computers include: Desktop and mobile computers Servers and terminals Smartphones, digital cameras, e-book readers and portable media players Game devices Embedded computers

Desktops and Mobile Computers

A personal computer (PC) is a computer that can perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage activities by itself and is intended to be used by one person at a time
A mobile computer is a portable personal computer, designed so that a user easily can carry it from place to place

Desktops and Mobile Computers

A desktop, or desktop computer, is a personal computer designed to be in a stationary location, where all of its components fit on or under a desk or table

Desktops and Mobile Computers

A laptop, also called a notebook computer, is a thin, lightweight mobile computer with a screen in its lid and a keyboard in its base

Desktops and Mobile Computers

A tablet is a thin, lightweight mobile computer that has a touch screen

Desktops and Mobile Computers

A handheld computer is a computer small enough to fit in one hand

Servers

A server is a computer dedicated to providing one or more services to other computers or devices on a network
Rack server
Blade server
Tower server

Servers

A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful server that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously

Supercomputers

A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer — and the most expensive

Terminals

A terminal is a computer, usually with limited processing power, that enables users to send data to and/or receive information from a server, or host computer
A thin client is a terminal that looks like a desktop but has limited capabilities and components
Most retail stores use a POS terminal to record purchases, process credit or debit cards, and update inventory

Terminals

An ATM (automated teller machine) is a self- service banking terminal that connects to a host computer through a network

Terminals

A self-service kiosk is a freestanding terminal that usually has a touch screen for user interaction

Cloud Computing

Cloud computing refers to an environment of servers that house and provide access to resources users access through the Internet

Mobile Devices

A smartphone is an Internet-capable phone that usually also includes a calendar, an appointment book, an address book, a calculator, a notepad, games, browser, and numerous other apps
Many smartphones have touch screens. Instead of or in addition to a touch screen, some have a built-in mini keyboard on the front of the phone or a keyboard that slides in and out from behind the phone

Mobile Devices

A digital camera is a mobile device that allows users to take photos and store the photographed images digitally

Mobile Devices

A portable media player, sometimes called a personal media player, is a mobile device on which you can store, organize, and play or view digital media

Mobile Devices

An e-book reader (short for electronic book reader), or e-reader, is a mobile device that is used primarily for reading e-books and other digital publications

Game Devices

A game console is a mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video games
A handheld game device is a small mobile device that contains a screen, speakers, controls, and game console all in one unit
Game controllers include gamepads, joysticks and wheels, dance pads, and a variety of motion- sensing controllers

Embedded Computers

An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product Consumer electronics Home automation devices Automobiles Process controllers and robotics Computer devices and office machines

Ports and Connections

A port is the point at which a peripheral device attaches to or communicates with a computer or mobile device so that the peripheral device can send data to or receive information from the computer or mobile device

Ports and Connections

A connector joins a cable to a port. A connector at one end of a cable attaches to a port on the computer or mobile device, and a connector at the other end of the cable attaches to a port on the peripheral device

Ports and Connections

A USB port, short for universal serial bus port, can connect up to 127 different peripheral devices together with a single connector
Instead of connecting peripheral devices directly to ports on a mobile computer, some mobile users prefer the flexibility of port replicators and docking stations

Ports and Connections

Instead of connecting computers and mobile devices to peripheral devices with a cable, some peripheral devices use wireless communications technologies Bluetooth Wi-Fi NFC

Protecting Hardware

Some schools and businesses use cables to lock computers and help prevent theft of equipment

Protecting Hardware

Hardware can fail for a variety of reasons: aging hardware; random events such as electrical power problems; and even errors in programs or apps
Undervoltage
Overvoltage or power surge

Protecting Hardware

A surge protector, also called a surge suppressor, uses electrical components to provide a stable current flow and minimize the chances of an overvoltage reaching the computer and other electronic equipment

Protecting Hardware

An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that contains surge protection circuits and one or more batteries that can provide power during a temporary or permanent loss of power

Health Concerns of Using Technology

A repetitive strain injury (RSI) is an injury or disorder of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, and joints
Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a technology- related health condition that affects eyesight
Ergonomics is an applied science devoted to incorporating comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of items in the workplace
Technology addiction occurs when the technology consumes someone’s entire social life

Summary

Characteristics of and purchasing guidelines for desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphone, digital cameras, and portable media players Handheld computers, servers, supercomputers, point-of-sale terminals, ATMs, self-service kiosks, e-book readers, game devices, embedded computers, and cloud computing Ports and connections Ways to protect hardware Health concerns of using technology and preventative measures

Review questions

Define a personal computer.
Name three types of servers.
How do a mainframe and a supercomputer differ in purpose?
What is a thin client?
Give two things a POS terminal does.
Define cloud computing.
What is an embedded computer? Give one example.
Port vs. connector: what is the difference?
What does a UPS provide that a surge protector does not?
Name two health concerns of technology use and one preventive idea.

Unit 4

Programs and Apps

Source: Chapter 4 slides

Objectives

Describe how an operating system interacts with applications and hardware.
The operating system sits between the hardware and applications. When you click Save, the application asks the operating system, which tells the hardware what to do. Knowing this helps you understand why an app must be compatible with your operating system.
Differentiate ways to acquire programs and apps.
Software can be bought in a store (retail), made for one organization (custom), used on the web (web app), downloaded to a phone (mobile app), or obtained as shareware (try first, pay later), freeware (free), public domain (no copyright), or open source (code available to all).
Identify key features of productivity, graphics and multimedia, personal interest and communications applications.
Productivity apps include word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, databases and note taking. Graphics and media apps edit images, audio and video. Personal interest apps cover lifestyle, medical, entertainment and education. Match each task you do to an app category.
Identify the purpose and features of security tools and file and disk management tools.
Security tools (firewall, antivirus, spyware removers, filters) protect against threats; file and disk tools (file manager, search, uninstaller, disk cleanup, defragmenter, backup) keep the computer organized and running well. Make backups before you need them.

Key points

A program (software) is a series of related instructions telling the computer what to do. An application is designed to make users more productive or help with personal tasks. The operating system (system software) coordinates all hardware activity.
Forms of software: retail, custom, web app, mobile app, mobile web app, shareware, freeware, public domain, open source.
Productivity apps: word processing, presentation, spreadsheet, database, note taking, calendar and contact management, software suites, project management, accounting, personal finance, legal, tax preparation, document management. Enterprises need special solutions (HR, sales, marketing, manufacturing).
Typical project workflow: create, edit, format, save, distribute.
Graphics and media: CAD, desktop publishing, paint/image editing, photo editing, video and audio editing, multimedia and website authoring, media player, disc burning.
Personal interest: lifestyle, medical, entertainment, convenience, education.
Communications: blogs, browsers, chat rooms, discussion forums, email, FTP, instant messaging, videoconferencing, VoIP, web feeds, wireless messaging.
Security tools: personal firewall, antivirus, spyware and adware removers, filters (Internet, anti-spam, phishing, web) and pop-up blockers. Spyware secretly collects information; adware displays ads.
File and disk tools: file manager, search, image viewer, uninstaller, disk cleanup, disk defragmenter, screen saver, file compression, PC maintenance and backup tools.

Slide text

Programs and Apps

A program, or software, consists of a series of related instructions, organized for a common purpose, that tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them
An application, or app, sometimes called application software, consists of programs designed to make users more productive and/or assist them with personal tasks
An operating system is a set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer or mobile device hardware
System software Discovering 4

Programs and Apps

Discovering 6

Programs and Apps

Software is available in a variety of forms: Discovering 7 Retail Custom Web app Mobile app Mobile web app Open source Shareware Freeware Public domain

Programs and Apps

Productivity applications can assist you in becoming more effective and efficient while performing daily activities at work, school, and home Discovering 8 Word processing Presentation Spreadsheet Database Note taking Calendar and contact management Project management Accounting Personal finance Legal Tax preparation Document management Support services Enterprise computing

Productivity Applications

With productivity applications, users often: Discovering 9 Create a project Edit a project Format a project Save a project Distribute a project

Productivity Applications

Word processing software allows users to create and manipulate documents
Clip art is a collection of drawings, photos, and other images

Productivity Applications

Presentation software allows users to create visual aids for presentations to communicate ideas, messages, and other information to a group

Productivity Applications

Spreadsheet software allows users to organize data in rows and columns and perform calculations

Productivity Applications

A database is a collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that data
Database software allows users to create, access, and manage a database

Productivity Applications

Note taking software is an application that enables users to enter typed text, handwritten comments, drawings, or sketches anywhere on a page

Productivity Applications

Calendar and contact management software is an application that helps you organize your calendar, keep track of contacts, and share this information with other devices or users Discovering 15

Productivity Applications

A software suite is a collection of individual programs available together as a unit
Project management software is an application that allows a user to plan, schedule, track, and analyze the events, resources, and costs of a project

Productivity Applications

Accounting software is an application that helps businesses of all sizes record and report their financial transactions Discovering 17

Productivity Applications

Personal finance software is a simplified accounting application that helps home users and small/home office users balance their checkbooks, pay bills, track personal income and expenses, verify account balances, transfer funds, track investments, and evaluate financial plans Discovering 18

Productivity Applications

Legal software is an application that assists in the preparation of legal documents and provides legal information to individuals, families, and small businesses Discovering 19

Productivity Applications

Tax preparation software is an application that can guide individuals, families, or small businesses through the process of filing federal taxes Discovering 20

Productivity Applications

Document management software is an application that provides a means for sharing, distributing, and searching through documents by converting them into a format that can be viewed by any user Discovering 21

Productivity Applications

A variety of desktop, mobile, and web apps provide a service intended to make business or personal tasks easier to accomplish Discovering 22 Reference applications Travel applications Retail applications

Productivity Applications

A large organization, commonly referred to as an enterprise, requires special computing solutions because of its size and geographic distribution Discovering 23 Human resources software Accounting software Engineering or product development software Manufacturing software Marketing software Sales software Distribution software Customer service software Software for information technology staff

Graphics and Media Software

Computer-aided design (CAD) software Desktop publishing software Paint/Image editing software

Graphics and Media Software

Photo editing software Clip Art / Image Gallery Video and audio editing software

Graphics and Media Software

Multimedia authoring software allows users to combine text, graphics, audio, video, and animation in an interactive application
Website authoring software helps users of all skill levels create webpages that include graphics, video, audio, animation, and special effects with interactive content

Graphics and Media Software

A media player is a program that allows you to view images and animations, listen to audio, and watch video files on your computer or mobile device
Disc burning software writes text, graphics, audio, and video files on a recordable or rewritable disc

Personal Interest Applications

Lifestyle applications Medical applications Entertainment applications Convenience applications Education applications Discovering 28

Communications Applications

Blogging Browsing Chat Room Discussion Forum Email FTP Instant Messaging Videoconference VoIP Web Feeds Wireless Messaging

Security Tools

A personal firewall is a security tool that detects and protects a personal computer and its data from unauthorized intrusions Discovering 30

Security Tools

An antivirus program protects a computer against viruses by identifying and removing any computer viruses found in memory, on storage media, or on incoming files Discovering 31

Security Tools

Spyware is a program placed on a computer or mobile device without the user’s knowledge that secretly collects information about the user and then communicates the information it collects to some outside source while the user is online
Adware is a program that displays an online advertisement in a banner or pop-up window on webpages, email messages, or other Internet services Discovering 32

Security Tools

A spyware remover is a program that detects and deletes spyware and similar programs An adware remover is a program that detects and deletes adware Discovering 33

Security Tools

Internet filters Anti-spam programs Web filters Phishing filters Pop-up blockers Discovering 34

File and Disk Management Tools

A file manager is a tool that performs functions related to file management Discovering 35

File and Disk Management Tools

A search tool is a program, usually included with an operating system, that attempts to locate a file on your computer or mobile device based on criteria you specify

File and Disk Management Tools

An image viewer is a tool that allows users to display, copy, and print the contents of a graphics file, such as a photo
An uninstaller is a tool that removes a program, as well as any associated entries in the system files

File and Disk Management Tools

A disk cleanup tool searches for and removes unnecessary files Discovering 38

File and Disk Management Tools

A disk defragmenter is a tool that reorganizes the files and unused space on a computer’s hard disk so that the operating system accesses data more quickly and programs run faster
Defragmenting Discovering 39

File and Disk Management Tools

A screen saver is a tool that causes a display device’s screen to show a moving image or blank screen if no keyboard or mouse activity occurs for a specified time A file compression tool shrinks the size of a file(s) A PC maintenance tool is a program that identifies and fixes operating system problems, detects and repairs disk problems, and includes the capability of improving a computer’s performance Discovering 40

File and Disk Management Tools

A backup tool allows users to copy, or back up, selected files or the contents of an entire storage medium to another storage location Discovering 41

Summary

Programs and apps available for computers and mobile devices Role of the operating system and the various ways software is distributed Features of a variety of applications Communications applications Security tools and file and disk management tools

Review questions

Differentiate a program from an application.
What is system software? Give an example.
Name three forms in which software is distributed.
What does spreadsheet software do?
What is a software suite?
State the purpose of project management software.
What is the difference between spyware and adware?
What does an antivirus program do?
What does a disk defragmenter do?
Why is a backup tool important?

Unit 5

Digital Safety and Security

Source: Chapter 5 slides

Objectives

Define digital security risks and the types of cybercriminals.
A digital security risk is anything that could damage or cause the loss of hardware, software, data or information. A cybercrime is an illegal act done online. Cybercriminals include hackers, crackers, script kiddies, corporate spies, cyberextortionists and cyberterrorists.
Explain Internet and network attacks and how to guard against them.
Attackers use malware, botnets, denial of service attacks, back doors and spoofing. Guard against them with a firewall, antivirus software, updates and care with links and attachments.
Discuss access controls, software theft, encryption, digital signatures and certificates.
Control who can use a device with user names, strong passwords or passphrases, possessed objects and biometrics (fingerprint, face, iris). Encryption scrambles data so only authorized people can read it; digital signatures and digital certificates prove identity.
Identify safeguards for hardware, backups and wireless networks.
Back up regularly (full, incremental, differential or in the cloud), follow the three-generation (grandparent, parent, child) policy, secure Wi-Fi with a password and encryption, and lock or protect hardware from theft and power problems.
Discuss ethics, intellectual property, green computing and information privacy.
Ethics means doing the right thing with technology: check that information is accurate, respect copyright and intellectual property, follow codes of conduct, and use technology in an environmentally friendly (green) way. Information privacy is your right to control how your information is collected and used; watch out for phishing, cookies and social engineering.

Key points

A digital security risk is any event or action that could cause loss of or damage to hardware, software, data, information or processing capability. A cybercrime is an online or Internet-based illegal act.
Cybercriminals: hacker, cracker, script kiddie, corporate spy, unethical employee, cyberextortionist, cyberterrorist.
Attacks: malware, botnets (compromised devices are zombies), DoS/DDoS, back doors and spoofing. A firewall protects a network from intrusion.
Access control: user name, password, passphrase, CAPTCHA, possessed objects with PINs, biometric devices (fingerprint, face, hand geometry, voice, signature, iris). Audit trails log access attempts.
Software theft: stealing media, erasing programs, illegal copying, illegal registration or activation. Product activation and license agreements protect software.
Information theft: encryption converts readable data into encoded characters; digital signatures verify sender identity; digital certificates guarantee that a user or website is legitimate; secure sites use encryption.
Hardware theft, vandalism and failure: use locks, alarms and surge protection. Backups (full, differential, incremental, selective, continuous data protection) and the three-generation policy (grandparent, parent, child); off-site and cloud backups.
Wireless security: intruders may intercept signals or use unsecured access points.
Ethics: computer ethics, information accuracy, intellectual property, copyright, DRM, codes of conduct. Green computing reduces power use and waste.
Privacy: cookies, phishing, clickjacking, spyware, adware, social engineering, employee monitoring, content and web filtering, and privacy laws.

Slide text

Digital Security Risks

A digital security risk is any event or action that could cause a loss of or damage to a computer or mobile device hardware, software, data, information, or processing capability
Any illegal act involving the use of a computer or related devices generally is referred to as a computer crime
A cybercrime is an online or Internet-based illegal act

Digital Security Risks

Hacker Cracker Script kiddie Corporate spies Unethical employees Cyberextortionist Cyberterrorist

Internet and Network Attacks

Information transmitted over networks has a higher degree of security risk than information kept on an organization’s premises
Malware, short for malicious software, consists of programs that act without a user’s knowledge and deliberately alter the operations of computers and mobile devices

Internet and Network Attacks

A botnet is a group of compromised computers or mobile devices connected to a network
A compromised computer or device is known as a zombie
A denial of service attack (DoS attack) disrupts computer access to Internet services
Distributed DoS (DDoS)
A back door is a program or set of instructions in a program that allow users to bypass security controls
Spoofing is a technique intruders use to make their network or Internet transmission appear legitimate

Internet and Network Attacks

A firewall is hardware and/or software that protects a network’s resources from intrusion

Unauthorized Access and Use

Unauthorized access is the use of a computer or network without permission Unauthorized use is the use of a computer or its data for unapproved or possibly illegal activities

Unauthorized Access and Use

Organizations take several measures to help prevent unauthorized access and use
Acceptable use policy
Disable file and printer sharing

Unauthorized Access and Use

Access controls define who can access a computer, device, or network; when they can access it; and what actions they can take while accessing it
The computer, device, or network should maintain an audit trail that records in a file both successful and unsuccessful access attempts
User name
Password
Passphrase
CAPTCHA

Unauthorized Access and Use

A possessed object is any item that you must carry to gain access to a computer or computer facility
Often are used in combination with a PIN (personal identification number)
A biometric device authenticates a person’s identity by translating a personal characteristic into a digital code that is compared with a digital code in a computer

Unauthorized Access and Use

Fingerprint reader Face recognition system Hand geometry system Voice verification system Signature verification system Iris recognition system

Unauthorized Access and Use

Digital forensics is the discovery, collection, and analysis of evidence found on computers and networks
Many areas use digital forensics Law enforcement Criminal prosecutors Military intelligence Insurance agencies Information security departments

Software Theft

Software theft occurs when someone: Steals software media Intentionally erases programs Illegally registers and/or activates a program Illegally copies a program

Software Theft

Many manufacturers incorporate an activation process into their programs to ensure the software is not installed on more computers than legally licensed
During the product activation, which is conducted either online or by phone, users provide the software product’s identification number to associate the software with the computer or mobile device on which the software is installed

Software Theft

A single-user license agreement typically contains the following conditions:

Information Theft

Information theft occurs when someone steals personal or confidential information
Encryption is a process of converting data that is readable by humans into encoded characters to prevent unauthorized access

Information Theft

A digital signature is an encrypted code that a person, website, or organization attaches to an electronic message to verify the identity of the sender
Often used to ensure that an impostor is not participating in an Internet transaction
A digital certificate is a notice that guarantees a user or a website is legitimate
A website that uses encryption techniques to secure its data is known as a secure site

Hardware Theft, Vandalism, and Failure

Hardware theft is the act of stealing digital equipment Hardware vandalism is the act of defacing or destroying digital equipment

Hardware Theft, Vandalism, and Failure

To help reduce the of chances of theft, companies and schools use a variety of security measures

Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard

A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or media that can be used if the original is lost, damaged, or destroyed
To back up a file means to make a copy of it
Off-site backups are stored in a location separate from the computer or mobile device site Cloud Storage

Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard

Categories of backups:
Full
Differential
Incremental
Selective
Continuous data protection
Three-generation backup policy Grandparent Parent Child

Wireless Security

Wireless access poses additional security risks
Some intruders intercept and monitor communications as they transmit through the air
Others connect to a network through an unsecured wireless access point (WAP) or combination router/WAP

Ethics and Society

Computer ethics are the moral guidelines that govern the use of computers, mobile devices, and information systems
Information accuracy is a concern
Not all information on the web is correct

Ethics and Society

Intellectual property refers to unique and original works such as ideas, inventions, art, writings, processes, company and product names, and logos
Intellectual property rights are the rights to which creators are entitled to their work
A copyright protects any tangible form of expression
Digital rights management (DRM) is a strategy designed to prevent illegal distribution of movies, music, and other digital content

Ethics and Society

A code of conduct is a written guideline that helps determine whether a specification is ethical/unethical or allowed/not allowed

Ethics and Society

Green computing involves reducing the electricity and environmental waste while using computers, mobile devices, and related technologies

Information Privacy

Information privacy refers to the right of individuals and companies to deny or restrict the collection and use of information about them
Huge databases store data online
It is important to safeguard your information

Information Privacy

Information about you can be stored in a database when you:
Fill out a printed or online form
Create a social networking profile
Register a product warranty

Information Privacy

A cookie is a small text file that a web server stores on your computer
Websites use cookies for a variety of reasons: Allow for personalization Store user names and/or passwords Assist with online shopping Track how often users visit a site Target advertisements

Information Privacy

Phishing is a scam in which a perpetrator sends an official looking email message that attempts to obtain your personal and/or financial information
With clickjacking, an object that can be clicked on a website contains a malicious program

Information Privacy

Spyware is a program placed on a computer or mobile device without the user’s knowledge that secretly collects information about the user and then communicates the information it collects to some outside source while the user is online
Adware is a program that displays an online advertisement in a banner or pop-up window on webpages, email messages, or other Internet services

Information Privacy

Social engineering is defined as gaining unauthorized access to or obtaining confidential information by taking advantage of the trusting human nature of some victims and the naivety of others

Information Privacy

The concern about privacy has led to the enactment of federal and state laws regarding the storage and disclosure of personal data
See Table 5-4 on page 233 for a listing of major U.S. government laws concerning privacy

Information Privacy

Employee monitoring involves the use of computers, mobile devices, or cameras to observe, record, and review an employee’s use of a technology, including communications such as email messages, keyboard activity (used to measure productivity), and websites visited Many programs exist that easily allow employers to monitor employees. Further, it is legal for employers to use these programs

Ethics and Society

Content filtering is the process of restricting access to certain material on the Web
Many businesses use content filtering
Web filtering software restricts access to specified websites

Summary

Variety of digital security risks Cybercrime and cybercriminals Risks and safeguards associated with Internet and network attacks, unauthorized access and use, software theft, information theft, and hardware theft, vandalism, and failure Various backup strategies and methods of securing wireless communications Ethical issues in society and various ways to protect the privacy of personal information

Review questions

Define a digital security risk.
List three types of cybercriminals.
What is a botnet and what is a zombie?
What is a DoS attack?
What does a firewall do?
Name two forms of biometric authentication.
What is encryption?
Differentiate a digital signature from a digital certificate.
Explain the three-generation backup policy.
What is phishing and how can you avoid it?

Unit 6

Inside Computers and Mobile Devices

Source: Chapter 6 slides

Objectives

Describe computer and mobile device cases and the contents they protect.
The case protects the electronics. Inside a desktop you will find the motherboard, processor, memory modules, adapter cards, power supply and fans; laptops contain similar parts in a smaller case. Be able to name and place these components.
Describe multi-core processors, processor components and the four steps of a machine cycle.
The processor (CPU) has a control unit (directs operations) and an ALU (performs calculations and comparisons). For every instruction it repeats the machine cycle: fetch, decode, execute, store. Multi-core processors put two or more processors on one chip to do more work at once.
Identify processor makers and cooling methods; explain cloud computing advantages.
Intel and AMD are the main makers of PC processors. Processors get hot, so computers use heat sinks, fans, liquid cooling and cooling pads. Cloud computing gives you accessibility, cost savings, space savings and scalability.
Define a bit and explain how bits represent data; differentiate types of memory.
A bit is a single 0 or 1 (off or on). Eight bits make a byte, which represents one character such as the letter T. Memory comes in volatile types (RAM, loses data without power) and nonvolatile types (ROM, flash, CMOS). Cache memory holds frequently used items so the processor gets them faster.
Describe adapters, buses, power supplies, batteries and how to care for devices.
Adapter cards fit in expansion slots; USB adapters and ExpressCards add features to mobile computers. A bus carries data between components. The power supply converts AC to DC power; mobile devices use rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Care for devices by keeping them clean, cool, protected and updated.

Key points

The case contains and protects the electronics. The motherboard is the main circuit board; a chip contains integrated circuits.
The processor (CPU) interprets and carries out the basic instructions. It contains a control unit (directs operations) and an arithmetic logic unit, ALU (arithmetic, comparison and other operations). A multi-core processor is a single chip with two or more processor cores.
Machine cycle: fetch, decode, execute, store. Registers temporarily hold data and instructions. The system clock controls timing; clock speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz).
Intel and AMD are the leading PC processor makers. Chips generate heat; cooling uses heat sinks, liquid cooling and cooling pads or mats.
Cloud computing benefits: accessibility, cost savings, space savings, scalability.
Analog signals are continuous; digital signals are on or off. The binary system uses 0 and 1. A bit is a binary digit; eight bits make a byte, which represents one character (ASCII, e.g., capital T is 01010100).
Memory stores the OS and other programs, applications, and data being processed. Each location has an address; size is measured in GB or TB.
Volatile memory (RAM) loses contents when power is off; nonvolatile memory (ROM, flash, CMOS) keeps it. RAM types: DRAM and SRAM; DDR variations. Memory modules plug into memory slots.
Cache (L1, L2, L3) speeds processing by storing frequently used instructions and data. ROM holds firmware. Access time is measured in nanoseconds.
Adapter cards (sound, video, network and others) fit into expansion slots; Plug and Play recognizes new devices automatically. Mobile computers use USB adapters and ExpressCard modules.
A bus lets devices communicate (data bus, address bus). Word size is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at once. Types: system, backside, expansion bus.
The power supply or laptop AC adapter converts wall AC power into DC power. Mobile devices typically use rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.

Slide text

Inside the Case

The case contains and protects the electronics of the computer or mobile device from damage

Inside the Case

The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer
A computer chip contains integrated circuits

Processors

The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer
Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
A multi-core processor is a single chip with two or more separate processor cores

Processors

The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations

Processors

For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle

Processors

The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations

The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz)

Processors

The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD

Processors

A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to malfunction or fail
Require additional cooling
Heat sinks
Liquid cooling technology
Cooling mats

Cloud Computing

Home and business users choose cloud computing for a variety of reasons Accessibility Cost savings Space savings Scalability

Data Representation

Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and quality Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off

Most computers are digital
The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1)
Bits and bytes

Data Representation

The circuitry in a computer or mobile device represents the on or the off states electronically by the presence or absence of an electronic charge Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte. A byte represents a single character in the computer or mobile device

Memory

Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data
Stores three basic categories of items: The operating system and other programs Applications Data being processed and the resulting information

Memory

Each location in memory has an address
Memory size commonly is measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB)

Memory

The system unit contains two types of memory: Volatile memory Loses its contents when power is turned off Example includes RAM Nonvolatile memory Does not lose contents when power is removed Examples include ROM, flash memory, and CMOS

Memory

Two common types of RAM chips exist: Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Static RAM (SRAM)

Memory

RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots

Memory

Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data

Memory

Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions

Firmware

Memory

Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten
CMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes little power

Memory

Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to read from memory
Measured in nanoseconds

Adapters

An adapter card enhances functions of a component of a desktop or server system unit and/or provides connections to peripherals
Sound card and graphics card
An expansion slot is a socket on a desktop or server motherboard that can hold an adapter card

Adapters

With Plug and Play, the computer automatically can recognize peripheral devices as you install them

Adapters

Adapters for mobile computers are in the form of a removable flash memory device
USB adapter
ExpressCard module

Buses

A bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with each other
Data bus
Address bus
Word size is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at a given time

Buses

A computer might have these three types of buses: System bus Backside bus Expansion bus

Power Supply and Battery

The power supply or laptop AC adapter converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power

Power Supply and Battery

Mobile computers and devices can run using either a power supply or batteries
Batteries typically are rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

Summary

Various components inside computers and mobile devices Types of processors, steps in a machine cycle, and processor cooling methods Advantages and services of cloud computing How memory stores data and described various types of memory Adapters, buses, power supplies and batteries Ways to care for computers and mobile devices

Review questions

What is the motherboard?
Name the two main components of a processor and their roles.
List the four steps of a machine cycle in order.
What does a multi-core processor contain?
In what unit is clock speed measured?
List two ways processors are cooled.
How many bits are in a byte, and what does a byte represent?
Distinguish volatile from nonvolatile memory with an example of each.
What is the purpose of cache memory?
What does a power supply or laptop AC adapter do?

Unit 7

Input and Output

Source: Chapter 7 slides

Objectives

Differentiate types of keyboards, pointing devices, touch screens and pen input.
Input is what you send into the computer. Keyboards come in many types (standard, on-screen, ergonomic and more). Pointing devices include the mouse, touchpad, pointing stick and trackball. Touch screens and pen input (stylus, graphics tablet) let you interact directly.
Describe motion, voice, audio and video input; scanners and reading devices.
Motion input uses gestures; voice input uses a microphone and voice recognition; video input uses cameras and webcams. Scanners and reading devices (OCR, OMR, bar code and QR readers, RFID, magstripe, MICR) capture data quickly and accurately.
Explain display characteristics and summarize printer types.
Display quality depends on resolution, response time, brightness, dot pitch and contrast ratio. Printers are nonimpact (ink-jet, laser, thermal, photo, all-in-one, mobile, label, plotter) or impact (strike a ribbon). Choose a printer by quality, speed and cost.
Identify other output devices and assistive technologies.
Other output devices include speakers, headphones, earbuds, data projectors and interactive whiteboards; force-feedback controllers push back during games. Assistive technology, such as head-mounted pointers and Braille printers, helps users with disabilities use computers.

Key points

Input is any data and instructions entered into the memory of a computer; output is data processed into a useful form.
Keyboards: standard, compact, on-screen, virtual, ergonomic, gaming, wireless. Ergonomic keyboards reduce the risk of repetitive strain injury.
Pointing devices: mouse (optical, laser, touch), touchpad, pointing stick, trackball. Touch screens are touch-sensitive displays.
Pen input: stylus, digital pen, graphics tablet (digitizer). Motion input is also called gesture recognition. Voice input uses voice (speech) recognition. Audio input and music production software; video input via DV cameras and webcams (videoconferencing).
Scanners (flatbed) and reading devices: optical readers (OCR, OMR), bar code readers, QR codes, RFID, magstripe readers, MICR (checks), and data collection devices.
Display quality depends on resolution, response time, brightness, dot pitch and contrast ratio. Connect via DVI, HDMI or DisplayPort. HDTV and Smart TV can be displays.
Nonimpact printers: ink-jet, photo, laser, all-in-one, thermal (including dye-sublimation), mobile, label, plotters and large-format printers. Impact printers strike an inked ribbon. Ink-jet speed is measured in pages per minute (ppm). PictBridge prints directly from a camera.
Other output: speakers, headphones, earbuds, data projectors, interactive whiteboards, force-feedback game controllers.
Assistive technology: examples include head-mounted pointers and Braille printers.

Slide text

What Is Input?

Input is any data and instructions entered into the memory of a computer

What Is Input?

Commonly used input methods include: Keyboard Pointing devices Touch screens Pen input Motion input Voice input Video input Scanners and reading devices

Keyboards

A keyboard is an input device that contains keys users press to enter data and instructions into a computer or mobile device

Keyboards

Most desktop computer keyboards have…

Keyboards

There are various types of keyboards in addition to standard keyboards found on desktops

Keyboards

An ergonomic keyboard has a design that reduces the chance of repetitive strain injuries
Ergonomics incorporates comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of the workplace

Pointing Devices

A mouse is a pointing device that fits under the palm of your hand comfortably
Optical mouse, laser mouse, and touch mouse

Pointing Devices

Touchpad

A touchpad is a small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to pressure and motion Pointing Stick
A pointing stick is a pressure- sensitive pointing device shaped like a pencil eraser that is positioned between keys on a mobile computer keyboard Trackball
A trackball is a stationary pointing device with a ball on its top or side

Touch Screens

A touch screen is a touch-sensitive display device

Pen Input

With pen input, you touch a stylus or digital pen on a flat surface to write, draw, or make selections

Pen Input

A graphics tablet, also called a digitizer, is an electronic plastic board that detects and converts movements of a style or digital pen into signals that are sent to the computer

Motion Input

With motion input, sometimes called gesture recognition, users can guide on-screen elements using air gestures

Voice Input

Voice input is the process of entering input by speaking into a microphone
Voice recognition, also called speech recognition, is the computer or mobile device’s capability of distinguishing spoken words

Audio Input

Audio input is the process of entering any sound into the computer such as speech, music, and sound effects
Music production software allows users to record, compose, mix, and edit music and sounds

Video Input

Video input is the process of capturing full-motion images and storing them on a computer or mobile device’s storage medium Record video on a digital video (DV) camera Transfer video to a computer or mobile device

Video Input

A webcam is a type of DV camera that enables a user to: Capture video and still images Send email messages with video attachments Add live images to instant messages Broadcast live images over the Internet Conduct videoconferences Make video calls

Video Input

A videoconference is a meeting between two or more geographically separated people

Scanners and Reading Devices

A scanner is a light-sensing input device that reads printed text and graphics and then translates the results into a form the computer can process
A flatbed scanner works in a manner similar to a copy machine except it creates a file of the document in memory instead of a paper copy

Scanners and Reading Devices

An optical reader is a device that uses a light source to read characters, marks, and codes and then converts them into digital data that a computer can process
Optical character recognition (OCR)
Optical mark recognition (OMR)

Scanners and Reading Devices

A bar code reader, also called a bar code scanner uses laser beams to read bar codes
A QR code stores information in both a vertical and horizontal direction

Scanners and Reading Devices

RFID (radio frequency identification) uses radio signals to communicate with a tag placed in or attached to an object
An RFID reader reads information on the tag via radio waves
RFID can track: Tracking times of runners in a marathon Tracking location of people and other items Checking lift tickets of skiers Managing inventory Gauging temperature and pressure of tires on a vehicle Checking out library books Providing access to rooms or buildings

Scanners and Reading Devices

Magstripe readers read the magnetic stripe on the back of cards such as: Credit cards Entertainment cards Bank cards Identification cards Other similar cards

Scanners and Reading Devices

MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) devices read text printed with magnetized ink
An MICR reader converts MICR characters into a form the computer can process
Banking industry uses MICR for check processing

Scanners and Reading Devices

A data collection device obtains data directly at the location where the transaction or event takes place

What Is Output?

Output is data that has been processed into a useful form

Displays

A display visually conveys text, graphics, and video information
A monitor is a display that is packaged as a separate peripheral device
LCD monitor

Displays

The quality of a display depends primarily on its: Resolution Response time Brightness Dot pitch Contrast ratio

Displays

Today’s monitors use a digital signal to produce a picture
To display the highest quality images, the monitor should plug into:
A DVI port
An HDMI port
A DisplayPort

Displays

Home users sometimes use a digital television (DTV) as a display
HDTV is the most advanced form of digital television
A Smart TV is an Internet-enabled HDTV

Printers

A printer produces text and graphics on a physical medium
Before purchasing a printer, ask yourself a series of questions

Printers

A nonimpact printer forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper without actually contacting the paper Ink-jet printers Photo printers Laser printers All-in-one printers Thermal printers Mobile printers Plotters Large- format printers

Printers

An ink-jet printer forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper
Color or black-and-white
Speed is measured by the number of pages per minute (ppm) it can print

Printers

A photo printer produces lab- quality pictures

Many use ink-jet technology
PictBridge allows you to print photos directly from a digital camera
Print from a memory card

Printers

Laser printer High- speed High- quality Color Black- white

Printers

An all-in-one printer is a single device that prints, scans, copies, and in some cases, faxes
Sometimes called a multifunction printer

Printers

A thermal printer generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against the heat-sensitive paper Dye- sublimation printer

Printers

A mobile printer is a small, lightweight, battery- powered printer that allows a mobile user to print from a mobile device

Printers

A label printer is a small printer that prints on an adhesive-type material that can be placed on a variety of items

Printers

Plotters are used to produce high-quality drawings
Large-format printers create photo-realistic quality color prints

Printers

Impact printers form characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking a mechanism against an inked ribbon that physically contacts the paper

Other Output Devices

Many users attach surround sound speakers or speaker systems to their computers, game consoles, and mobile devices to generate higher- quality sounds

Other Output Devices

Headphones are speakers that cover or are placed outside of the ear
Earbuds (also called earphones) rest inside the ear canal

Other Output Devices

A data projector is a device that takes the text and images displaying on a computer or mobile device screen and projects them on a larger screen

Other Output Devices

An interactive whiteboard is a touch- sensitive device, resembling a dry-erase board, that displays the image on a connected computer screen

Other Output Devices

Joysticks, wheels, gamepads, and motion-sensing game controllers can be considered output devices when they include force feedback
Technology that sends resistance to the device in response to actions of the user

Assistive Technology Input and Output

Braille printer Head-mounted pointer

Summary

Variety of options for input and output Several assistive technology options for input and output

Review questions

Define input and output.
Why would someone choose an ergonomic keyboard?
Name three pointing devices.
What is a graphics tablet?
What is voice recognition?
What do OCR and OMR stand for/do?
Which reading technology does the banking industry use for checks?
List three factors that affect display quality.
How does an ink-jet printer differ from an impact printer?
What is force feedback?

Unit 8

Digital Storage

Source: Chapter 8 slides

Objectives

Differentiate storage from memory; explain capacity and access time.
Storage keeps data even when the power is off; memory (RAM) is temporary working space. Capacity is how many bytes a medium holds; access time is how long it takes to find and deliver an item. Reading means copying from storage to memory; writing means saving from memory to storage.
Describe hard disks, external hard disks and RAID.
A hard disk stores data magnetically on spinning platters divided into tracks and sectors. A head crash can damage it, so back up. An external hard disk plugs into a port. RAID combines disks to improve reliability.
Describe SSDs, memory cards, USB flash drives, cloud storage and optical discs.
SSDs, memory cards and USB flash drives use flash memory, which has no moving parts and is fast and durable. Cloud storage keeps files on Internet servers so you can reach them anywhere. Optical discs (CD, DVD) are read and written by a laser.
Identify enterprise storage and other storage types.
Organizations use RAID, NAS (network storage server), SAN (high-speed storage network) and tape. Other storage includes magnetic stripe cards, smart cards, RFID tags, and microfilm/microfiche.

Key points

A storage medium is the physical material that keeps data; a storage device records and/or retrieves items. Reading transfers items from storage into memory; writing transfers from memory to storage. Storage is nonvolatile.
Capacity is the number of bytes a medium can hold. Access time measures how long a device takes to locate an item.
Hard disks use magnetic platters. Characteristics: tracks, sectors, platters, read/write heads, revolutions per minute, form factor. Formatting divides a disk into tracks and sectors. A head crash happens when the head touches a platter. Disk cache (buffer) speeds access.
RAID is a group of two or more integrated hard disks that improves reliability. An external hard disk connects by cable to a USB or other port.
Flash memory storage has no moving parts. SSD advantages: higher capacity, faster access and transfer, quieter, more durable, less power and heat, lighter, longer life.
Memory cards: SD (SDHC, SDXC), microSD, CF, xD, Memory Stick. USB flash drives plug into a USB port.
Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides storage; the physical medium is transparent to the user.
Optical discs are read and written by a laser: CD-ROM (read only), CD-R (write once), CD-RW (erasable), DVD-ROM, DVD-R/DVD+R, DVD-RW/DVD+RW/DVD+RAM.
Enterprise storage: RAID, NAS (server dedicated to storage on a network), SAN (high-speed network of storage), tape and tape drives.
Other: magnetic stripe cards, smart cards (integrated circuit), RFID tags (antenna and memory chip), microfilm and microfiche.

Slide text

Storage

A storage medium is the physical material on which a computer keeps data, information, programs, and applications Cloud storage is another storage option, in which the actual online storage media used is transparent to the user

Storage

A storage device is the hardware that records and/or retrieves items to and from storage media Reading is the process of transferring items from a storage medium into memory Writing is the process of transferring items from memory to a storage medium

Storage

Capacity is the number of bytes a storage medium can hold

Storage

Items on a storage medium remain intact even when you turn off a computer or mobile device

Storage

Access time measures:
The amount of time it takes a storage device to locate an item on a storage medium
The time required to deliver an item from memory to the processor

Hard Disks

A hard disk contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store data, instructions, and information

Hard Disks

Hard disks can store data using longitudinal recording or perpendicular recording

Hard Disks

Formatting is the process of dividing the disk into tracks and sectors

Hard Disks

Characteristics of a hard disk include: Tracks Sectors Platters Form factor Read/write head Revolutions per minute

Hard Disks

A head crash occurs when a read/write head touches the surface of a platter
Always keep a backup of your hard disk

Hard Disks

Disk cache, sometimes called a buffer, consists of a memory chip(s) on a hard disk that stores frequently accessed data, instructions, and information
The larger the disk cache, the faster the hard disk

Hard Disks

RAID (redundant array of independent disks) is a group of two or more integrated hard disks

Hard Disks

An external hard disk is a separate freestanding storage device that connects with a cable to a USB port or other port on a computer or mobile device

Flash Memory Storage

Flash memory chips are a type of solid state media and contain no moving parts
An SSD (solid state drive) has several advantages over magnetic hard disks: Higher storage capacities Faster access times Faster transfer rates Quieter operation More durable Lighter weight Less power consumption Less heat generation Longer life

Flash Memory Storage

A memory card is a removable flash memory device that you insert and remove from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer CF SDHC SDXC miniSD microSD microSDHC microSDXC xD Picture Card Memory Stick PRO Duo M2

Flash Memory Storage

USB flash drives plug into a USB port on a computer or mobile device

Cloud Storage

Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides storage to computer or mobile device users

Optical Discs

An optical disc consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written and read by a laser

Optical Discs

Optical discs commonly store items in a single track that spirals from the center of the disc to the edge of the disc
Track is divided into evenly sized sectors

Optical Discs

A CD-ROM can be read from but not written to

Single-session disc A CD-R is an optical disc on which users can write once, but not erase A CD-RW is an erasable multisession disc

Optical Discs

A DVD-ROM is a high-capacity optical disc on which users can read but not write on or erase A DVD-R or DVD+R are competing DVD-recordable WORM formats, on which users can write once but not erase DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD+RAM are high-capacity rewritable DVD formats

Enterprise Storage

Enterprise hardware allows large organizations to manage and store data and information using devices intended for heavy use, maximum efficiency, and maximum availability
RAID duplicates data, instructions, and information to improve data reliability

Enterprise Storage

Network attached storage (NAS) is a server that is placed on a network with the sole purpose of providing storage to users, computers, and devices attached to the network

Enterprise Storage

A storage area network (SAN) is a high-speed network with the sole purpose of providing storage to other attached servers

Enterprise Storage

Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of storing large amounts of data and information
A tape drive reads and writes data and information on a tape

Other Types of Storage

A magnetic stripe card contains a magnetic stripe that stores information
A smart card stores data on an integrated circuit embedded in the card

Other Types of Storage

The RFID tag consists of an antenna and a memory chip that contains the information to be transmitted via radio waves
An RFID reader reads the radio signal and transfers the information to a computer or computing device

Other Types of Storage

Microfilm and microfiche store microscopic images of documents on a roll or sheet film

Summary

Variety of storage options Storage capacity and storage access times Characteristics of hard disks, RAID, and external hard drives Various types of flash memory storage Advantages and various uses of cloud storage Characteristics of optical discs Enterprise storage options

Review questions

Differentiate a storage medium from a storage device.
Define reading and writing in storage terms.
What is capacity?
What happens during formatting?
What is a head crash?
What is RAID and why is it used?
Give three advantages of an SSD over a magnetic hard disk.
Distinguish CD-ROM, CD-R and CD-RW.
What is the difference between NAS and a SAN?
What does a smart card store data on?

Unit 9

Operating Systems

Source: Chapter 9 slides

Objectives

Define an operating system and describe start-up and shutdown options.
An operating system is a group of programs that coordinates all activity among hardware. Its functions include starting and shutting down, providing a user interface, managing programs and memory, coordinating tasks, configuring devices, connecting to the Internet, monitoring performance, managing files, updating, and controlling security. You can sleep (save to memory, low power), hibernate (save to disk), or shut down.
Explain the user interface, program management, memory management and task coordination.
The user interface is how you interact: a GUI uses icons and menus; a command-line interface uses typed commands. The OS runs multiple programs (multitasking), distinguishes foreground and background programs, and uses virtual memory (part of the disk used as extra RAM) when RAM is full. It also decides the order of tasks such as print jobs.
Describe configuration of devices, Internet connections, performance monitoring, file tools and updates.
Drivers let the OS communicate with devices, and Plug and Play configures new devices automatically. The OS also helps you connect to a network, uses a performance monitor to show resource use, includes tools (file manager, search, backup, disk cleanup) and installs updates automatically.
Summarize desktop, server and mobile operating systems.
Desktop operating systems: Windows, macOS, UNIX, Linux, Chrome OS. Server operating systems: Windows Server, UNIX, Linux. Mobile operating systems: Android, iOS, Windows Phone. Server OSs let a network administrator manage users, devices and security. (The slides are from 2014, so check current versions.)

Key points

An operating system is a set of programs that coordinates all activities among computer and mobile device hardware.
Functions: start and shut down, provide a user interface, manage programs, manage memory, coordinate tasks, configure devices, establish Internet connections, monitor performance, provide file management, update the OS, control a network and administer security.
Power options: sleep mode saves open items to memory and enters a low-power state; hibernate saves them to the internal hard drive and removes power.
User interface (UI): graphical user interface (GUI) uses menus and visual images; command-line interface uses typed commands.
Program handling: single tasking vs. multitasking; foreground vs. background applications; single user vs. multiuser.
Memory management optimizes internal memory. Virtual memory is a portion of storage functioning as additional RAM (swapping pages in and out).
The OS determines the order in which tasks are processed, for example with a print spooler and queue.
A driver is a small program that tells the OS how to communicate with a device. Plug and Play configures new devices automatically.
A performance monitor reports on computer resources. Tools: file manager, search, image viewer, uninstaller, disk cleanup, disk defragmenter, screen saver, file compression, PC maintenance, backup and restore. Automatic update provides fixes and features.
Server OSs let multiple users share resources; a network administrator adds users and devices, configures the network and administers security. A user account has a user name and password.
Examples: desktop - Windows, macOS/OS X, UNIX, Linux, Chrome OS; server - Windows Server, OS X Server, UNIX, Linux; mobile - Android, iOS, Windows Phone.

Slide text

Operating Systems

An operating system (OS) is a set of programs containing instructions that work together to coordinate all the activities among computer and mobile device hardware Start and shut down a computer or mobile device Provide a user interface Manage programs Manage memory Coordinate tasks Configure devices Establish an Internet connection Monitor performance Provide file management and other device or media-related tasks Updating operating system software Control a network Administer security

Operating System Functions

Starting Computers and Mobile Devices
If a computer or mobile device is off, you press a power button to turn it on

Operating System Functions

An operating system includes various power options Sleep mode saves any open documents running programs or apps to memory, turns off all unneeded functions, and then places the computer in a low-power state Hibernate saves any open documents and running programs or apps to an internal hard drive before removing power from the computer or device

Operating System Functions

A user interface (UI) controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screen
With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus and visual images

Operating System Functions

In a command-line interface, a user types commands represented by short keywords or abbreviations or presses special keys on the keyboard to enter data and instructions

Operating System Functions

How an operating system handles programs directly affects your productivity Single tasking multitasking Foreground background Single user and multiuser

Operating System Functions

Memory management optimizes the use of the computer or device’s internal memory
Virtual memory is a portion of a storage medium functioning as additional RAM

Operating System Functions

The operating system determines the order in which tasks are processed

Operating System Functions

Operating systems typically provide a means to establish Internet connections

Operating System Functions

A performance monitor is a program that assesses and reports information about various computer resources and devices

Operating System Functions

Operating systems often provide users with a variety of tools related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs File Manager Search Image Viewer Uninstaller Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Screen Saver File Compression PC Maintenance Backup and Restore

Operating System Functions

Automatic update automatically provides new features or corrections to the program

Operating System Functions

Some operating systems are designed to work with a server on a network
These multiuser operating systems allow multiple users to share a printer, Internet access, files, and programs
A network administrator uses the server operating system to:
Add and remove users, computers, and other devices
Configure the network, install software and administer network security

Operating System Functions

A user account enables a use to sign in to, or access resources on, a network or computer
A user name, or user ID, identifies a specific user
A password is a private combination of characters associated with the user name

Desktop Operating Systems

operating system that works on desktops, laptops, and some tablets Windows Mac OS UNIX Linux Chrome OS

Desktop Operating Systems

Windows 8 offers these features:
Start screen interface with tiles
Includes the desktop interface
Support for input via touch, mouse, and keyboard
Email app, calendar app, and browser included
Photos, files, and settings you can sync with SkyDrive
Enhanced security through an antivirus program, firewall, and automatic updates
Windows Store offers additional applications for purchase

Desktop Operating Systems

The Macintosh operating system has earned a reputation for its ease of use
Latest version is OS X

Desktop Operating Systems

UNIX is a multitasking operating system developed in the early 1970s Linux is a popular, multitasking UNIX-based operating system

Desktop Operating Systems

Chrome OS is a Linux-based operating system designed to work primarily with web apps

Server Operating Systems

Windows Server OS X Server UNIX Linux

Mobile Operating Systems

The operating system on mobile devices and many consumer electronics is called a mobile operating system and resides on firmware Android iOS Windows Phone

Mobile Operating Systems

Android is an open source, Linux-based mobile operating system designed by Google for smartphones and tablets

Mobile Operating Systems

iOS, developed by Apple, is a proprietary mobile operating system specifically made for Apple’s mobile devices

Mobile Operating Systems

Windows Phone, developed by Microsoft, is a proprietary mobile operating system that runs on some smartphones

Summary

Functions common to most operating systems Variety of desktop operating systems, server operating systems, and mobile operating systems

Review questions

Define an operating system.
List four functions of an operating system.
Differentiate sleep mode from hibernate.
Differentiate a GUI from a command-line interface.
What is multitasking?
Differentiate foreground and background applications.
What is virtual memory?
What is a device driver?
What is the purpose of a print spooler or queue?
Name two examples each of desktop and mobile operating systems.

Unit 10

Communications and Networks

Source: Chapter 10 slides

Objectives

Describe the components of digital communications and the purpose of networks.
Communications require a sending device, a communications channel and a receiving device. A network connects devices so you can share hardware, software and data. Networks differ by size: PAN (personal), LAN (building), MAN (city) and WAN (wide area). A wireless LAN (WLAN) uses no wires.
Differentiate LAN, MAN, WAN and PAN; client/server and peer-to-peer; and star, bus and ring topologies.
In a client/server network, a server provides resources to clients; in peer-to-peer, devices share equally. Topology is the layout: star (devices connect to a central point), bus (one main cable) or ring (devices in a loop). Standards such as Ethernet, TCP/IP, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC and WiMAX define how devices communicate.
Describe common standards and protocols.
Communications lines include cable, DSL, FTTP, ISDN, T-carrier and ATM. Devices include modems (cable, DSL, wireless), routers, wireless access points, network cards and hubs/switches. Know what each device does, especially the modem (connects to the ISP) and the router (directs data on your network).
Describe communications lines, devices, transmission media and how to set up a home network.
Physical media: twisted-pair, coaxial and fiber-optic cable. Wireless media: broadcast radio, cellular radio, microwaves, satellites and GPS. Bandwidth is how much data can flow; latency is the delay. A home network typically uses a modem, a router with built-in wireless access point, and devices connected by Wi-Fi or cable.

Key points

Digital communications: a sending device sends data through a communications channel to a receiving device. A network is a collection of computers and devices connected by communications devices and transmission media.
Advantages of networks: facilitate communications, share hardware, share data and information, share software, transfer funds.
Network types: LAN (limited geographic area; WLAN is wireless), MAN (connects LANs in a metropolitan area), WAN (large geographic area), PAN (an individual's workspace).
Architecture: client/server vs. peer-to-peer. Topology: star, bus, ring.
Standards and protocols: Ethernet, token ring, TCP/IP, Wi-Fi (802.11), Bluetooth, UWB, IrDA (infrared), RFID, NFC (close range, about an inch or two), WiMAX (802.16).
Communications software helps establish connections, manage transmission and provide an interface for communication.
Communications lines: cable, DSL (ADSL is faster for receiving), ISDN, FTTP, T-carrier, ATM, dedicated lines.
Devices: broadband modems (cable, DSL), wireless modem, wireless access point, router, network card, hub/switch.
Transmission media: physical (twisted-pair, coaxial, fiber-optic) and wireless (broadcast radio, cellular radio, microwaves, communications satellites, GPS). Bandwidth is how much data can travel; latency is the time a signal takes to travel.
A home network lets users share an Internet connection, files and devices.

Slide text

Communications

Digital communications describes a process in which two or more computers or devices transfer data, instructions, and information Sending device Communications channel Receiving device

Networks

A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together via communications devices and transmission media
Advantages of a network include: Facilitating communications Sharing hardware Sharing data and information Sharing software Transferring funds

Networks

A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area
A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a LAN that uses no physical wires

Networks

A metropolitan area network (MAN) connects LANs in a metropolitan area
A wide area network (WAN) is a network that covers a large geographic area
A personal area network (PAN) is a network that connects computers and devices in an individual’s workspace with wired and wireless technology

Networks

The configuration of computers, devices, and media on a network is sometimes called the network architecture Client/server network Peer-to-peer network

Networks

A network topology refers to the layout of the computers and devices in a communications network Star network Bus network Ring network

Network Communications Standards

and Protocols Ethernet Token ring TCP/IP Wi-Fi Bluetooth UWB IrDA RFID NFC WiMAX

Network Communications Standards

and Protocols Ethernet is a network standard that specifies no central computer or device on the network (nodes) should control when data can be transmitted The token ring standard specifies that computers and devices on the network share or pass a special signal (token) TCP/IP is a network protocol that defines how messages (data) are routed from one end of a network to another

Network Communications Standards

and Protocols

Network Communications Standards

and Protocols

Wi-Fi identifies any network based on the 802.11 standard that specifies how two wireless devices communicate over the air with each other
Bluetooth is a network protocol that defines how two Bluetooth devices use short-range radio waves to transmit data
UWB (ultra-wideband) is a network standard that specifies how two UWB devices use short-range radio waves to communicate at high speeds with each other
IrDA transmits data wirelessly via infrared (IR) light waves
RFID is a protocol that defines how a network uses radio signals to communicate with a tag placed in or attached to an object, an animal, or a person

Network Communications Standards

and Protocols

Network Communications Standards

and Protocols NFC

Protocol based on RFID
Uses close-range radio signals
Devices or objects should be placed within an inch or two of each other WiMAX (802.16)
Developed by IEEE
Towers can cover a 30- mile radius
Two types are fixed wireless and mobile wireless

Communications Software

Communications software consists of programs and apps that: Help users establish a connection to another computer, mobile device, or network Manage the transmission of data, instructions, and information Provide an interface for users to communicate with one another

Communications Lines

Dedicated line Cable DSL ISDN FTTP T-Carrier ATM

Communications Lines

ADSL is a type of DSL that supports faster transfer rates when receiving data

Communications Devices

A communications device is any type of hardware capable of transmitting data, instructions, and information between a sending device and a receiving device

Communications Devices

A broadband modem sends and receives data and information to and from a digital line Cable modem DSL modem

Communications Devices

A wireless modem uses a mobile phone provider’s network to connect to the Internet wirelessly from a computer or mobile device

Communications Devices

A wireless access point is a central communications device that allows computers and devices to transfer data wirelessly among themselves or to a wired network

Communications Devices

A router connects multiple computers or other routers together and transmits data to its correct destination on a network

Communications Devices

A network card enables a computer or device that does not have built-in networking capability to access a network
Available in a variety of styles

Communications Devices

A hub or switch is a device that provides a central point for cables in a network

Home Networks

Many home users connect multiple computers and devices together in a home network

Transmission Media

Transmission media carries one or more communications signals
Broadband media transmit multiple signals simultaneously
The amount of data, instructions, and information that can travel over transmission media sometimes is called the bandwidth
Latency is the time it takes a signal to travel from one location to another on a network

Physical Transmission Media

Twisted-pair cable Coaxial cable Fiber-optic cable

Wireless Transmission Media

Broadcast radio is a wireless transmission medium that distributes radio signals through the air over long distances
Cellular radio is a form of broadcast radio that is used widely for mobile communications

Wireless Transmission Media

Microwaves are radio waves that provide a high- speed signal transmission

Wireless Transmission Media

A communications satellite is a space station that receives microwave signals from an earth-based station, amplifies it, and broadcasts the signal over a wide area

Wireless Transmission Media

A global positioning system (GPS) is a navigation system that consists of one or more earth-based receivers that accept and analyze signals sent by satellites in order to determine the receiver’s geographical location

Summary

Various types of network architectures, topologies, and standards and protocols Communications software Communications lines and communications devices How to create a home network Physical transmission media and wireless transmission media

Review questions

Name the three elements of a communications system.
List three advantages of using a network.
Differentiate LAN and WAN.
What does a PAN connect?
Differentiate client/server from peer-to-peer networks.
Name three network topologies.
What does TCP/IP define?
What is NFC and what is its range?
What does a router do?
Differentiate bandwidth from latency.

Unit 11

Databases: Understanding Data Storage

Objectives

Define data, database, DBMS and describe the data hierarchy.
Explain tables, records, fields and keys.
Describe database types and the basic operations of a database.

Key points

A database is an organized collection of data that allows access, retrieval and use. A database management system (DBMS) is software used to create, access and manage a database.
Data hierarchy: character, field, record, file (table), database.
A relational database stores data in tables of rows (records) and columns (fields). A primary key uniquely identifies each record; a foreign key links tables.
Common operations: create, read, update, delete (CRUD); queries retrieve data that meets criteria; forms and reports present data.
Data integrity and validation reduce errors; backup and security protect data.
Database types include relational, object-oriented, multidimensional and NoSQL; SQL is the standard query language for relational databases.

Review questions

Define a database.
What is a DBMS?
Order the data hierarchy from smallest to largest.
What is a record? What is a field?
What is a primary key?
What is a foreign key?
What does SQL stand for and do?
What is a query?
Name the four CRUD operations.
Why is data validation important?

Unit 12

Program Development: Creating Systems and Applications

Objectives

Describe the system development life cycle (SDLC).
Explain the program development steps and programming languages.
Differentiate structured, object-oriented and other approaches.

Key points

System development life cycle phases: planning, analysis, design, implementation, operation, support and security.
Program development steps: analyze requirements, design the solution, validate the design, implement (code), test, document.
Design tools include flowcharts and pseudocode. Basic control structures: sequence, selection (if/else), repetition (loops).
Low-level languages (machine, assembly) vs. high-level languages (Python, Java, C#). A compiler translates the whole program; an interpreter translates line by line.
Programming approaches: procedural and object-oriented (classes, objects, inheritance).
Testing and debugging find and fix errors: syntax errors, logic errors and runtime errors.

Review questions

List the phases of the system development life cycle.
What is a flowchart?
What is pseudocode?
Name the three basic control structures.
Differentiate a compiler from an interpreter.
Give two examples of high-level programming languages.
Differentiate a syntax error from a logic error.
What is debugging?
What is an object in object-oriented programming?
Why is documentation important?

Unit 13

Web Development: Creating and Publishing Online Content

Objectives

Explain how webpages are built with HTML, CSS and scripts.
Describe the web development process and web hosting.
Identify design principles and accessibility.

Key points

The web development process builds on Chapter 2's web publishing steps: plan, design, create, host, maintain.
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) defines the structure and content of a webpage using tags; CSS controls appearance; JavaScript adds interactivity.
Common HTML elements: headings, paragraphs, links, images, lists, tables.
Web hosting places the site on a web server so the public can reach it via a domain name. A web authoring tool or text editor can create pages.
Design principles: clear navigation, consistent layout, readability, responsive design for different screen sizes, fast loading images.
Accessibility: alternative text for images, sufficient contrast and keyboard navigation.
Test across browsers and devices before publishing; keep content updated.

Review questions

What does HTML stand for?
What is the role of CSS?
Why is JavaScript used on webpages?
What is an HTML tag?
What is web hosting?
What is responsive design?
Why add alternative text to images?
List the five steps of web publishing.
Name two design principles for good websites.
Why should you test a site before publishing?

Prepared by Tr. WaiLinHtet